Introduction
Myocardial infarction, commonly known as a heart attack, is a critical medical emergency that occurs when blood flow to a part of the heart muscle is blocked, leading to damage or death of the affected tissue. This condition is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, emphasizing the importance of awareness, prevention, and timely intervention.
Definition and Etiology
Myocardial infarction is caused by a sudden blockage in the coronary arteries, which supply oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle. The blockage typically results from the rupture of a plaque (atherosclerosis) within the artery, leading to the formation of a blood clot. This impedes blood flow, causing damage to the heart muscle.
Risk Factors
Several risk factors contribute to the development of myocardial infarction. Unmodifiable factors include age, gender, and family history. Modifiable risk factors include smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol levels, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and diabetes. The presence of multiple risk factors increases the likelihood of a heart attack.
Signs and Symptoms
Recognizing the signs and symptoms of a heart attack is crucial for prompt medical intervention. Common symptoms include chest pain or discomfort, shortness of breath, fatigue, nausea, and pain radiating to the arm, jaw, or back. Women may experience atypical symptoms like abdominal discomfort, dizziness, or unusual fatigue. Prompt recognition of these signs can significantly improve outcomes.
Nursing Diagnosis for Myocardial Infarction
- Acute pain
- Activity intolerance
- Anxiety/ Fear
- Risk for decreased cardiac output
- Ineffective tissue perfusion
- Risk for excess fluid volume
- Deficient knowledge (Learning Need) regarding condition, treatment plan, self-care, and discharge needs
Reference Source:
1. O'Gara PT, Kushner FG, Ascheim DD, et al. (2013). 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation, 127(4), e362–e425. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0b013e3182742cf6
